Glimpsing Forward

America’s Chief Technology Officer, Aneesh Chopra, talking to TechCrunch’s Andrew Keen last month on his three priorities for driving technological innovation in America.

Chopra’s three priorities include:

• Building a “smart infrastructure” for the digital age.

Well, we believe, first and foremost that we need to have a robust baseline infrastructure for the country. And to me that baseline infrastructure isn’t just roadways, railways and runways. But it includes smart infrastructure. 4G network that covers 98 percent of the country. A smart grid, a healthcare IT platform that has doctors and hospitals interconnected. And a learning technologies platform that allows schools and parents and children to communicate and learn from each other and from new resources, number one.

• Establishing “rules of the road” for critical issues like security and intellectual property protection

So as we grapple with issues of security and privacy intellectual property enforcement and the like. We need rules of the road that will comport to the 21st century, internet economy as we see it. And the President’s signature on the patent reform bill last week is just an example of the down payment in that regard.

• Overcoming the “productivity gap” to create digital jobs

We have seen for too long a productivity gap between the potential for how a technology-driven health care system, energy system, education system can operate and what it actually looks like today. McKinsey recently published a study that we can juice up productivity rates in those sectors of US economy that have not seen the kind of growth that they should. That will in turn will create jobs of the future and open up a new chapter of innovation and I’m very hopeful that the president’s strategy for American innovation, available at whitehouse.gov/innovation, answers the call on each of these key challenges that are in front of us.

Other interesting comments focused on how citizens and entrepreneurs can participate with government to improve healthcare, energy management and education:

Well, my number one goal is to inspire them [entrepreneurs] to participate in ways that we can invent a better America. That is, if you’re looking at opportunities to give back, you might be a developer at a company with some spare time and you can help us build a product or service that will improve our healthcare system, improve our energy management, improve our ability to educate our children…

We think the healthcare system is ripe for breakthroughs. We’d love for new entrepreneurs to come into the market..and help us to build that better value based healthcare system…We are increasingly attracting former entrepreneurs in the government using the notion of government as an invitation convener tool more so than  money or new laws that have to be put in place. And there’s a lot we can do together with just the role as government as convener. If you’re entrepreneur and you think there is something you want to work on today.

Chopra on the emergence of an Apps ecosystem through data sharing standards:

I’ve visited schools and families that have had kids learn better by complementing their school system with information technology fueled products and services and the energy space. This is a live issue here in California. Just last month, the California state regulators announced that they would direct three utilities in the state to come together on a common standard for how they will share energy information to customers that want it.

Imagine the apps ecosystem that will emerge. That will take my energy data from my home and convince me when I should turn out the lights and how I should manage my home energy use. Studies show that this could save anywhere from three, four, five, some even say 15 percent on our energy If we were empowered with the right information to make better decisions. So energy, healthcare, and education are top of mine priorities for us and opportunities that we believe will benefit greatly from the entrepreneurial gift system here in Silicon Valley.

(via TechCrunch)

Aleem Walji, practice manager for innovation at the World Bank Institute, speaking about the Banks commitment to open data. His presentation, at today’s Guardian’s Activate summit, explored the rational for the World Bank Data Catalog explained how this now receives more traffic than the organisation’s home page.

In his presentation, he mentions what happened when users interrogated the newly released data:

The other thing that happened is users took our data, and in less than two weeks showed us exactly where our gaps were. Within a couple of weeks of the launch of open data, blind data was created and they said ‘these are the parts of the world where you’re data is not very good and you need to improve’. We immediately recognised the opportunity to work with others to improve that.

Mapping for results

The World Bank’s Mapping for Results Platform “visualizes the location of World Bank projects to better monitor project and impact on people; to enhance transparency and social accountability; and to enable citizens and other stakeholders to provide direct feedback”.

Walji explained:

One of the interesting ways we could explain the poverty issue was to understand who does what, where and what’s going on. There is datasets that often don’t talk to each other. One simple one I hope surprises you is, in almost no country in the developing world can anyone answer the question ‘Who’s working in the healthcare sector in your country and where?’ Almost impossible to answer…So we said what if we took development indicators…and mashed them up to where the projects are. Lets lead by ourselves. So we created Mapping for Results. Lets take all our projects in Africa…put them on a map…then take a country and look at where we work..mash them up..and then check are we where poverty is…

We’re moving towards a Yelp for Development model, where once you get the data on maps it allows the opportunity for people to give feedback on the services themselves.

Apps for Development

Walji went on to discuss Apps for Development – a competition which challenged the public to create innovative software applications to assist in solving some of the world’s most pressing problems:

We asked people “What would you do with our data?”, and what we got was remarkable. People used our data in ways we would have never thought of.

An example was an application that showed based on our climate data and rainfall data, that you could put in any address in the world and you could find out exactly how much rain to expect next year and what crops you could grow.

In summary, he outlined the future for Open data as a collaboration/mashup of citizen data data together with official bank indicators:

Where I get really excited is the opportunity for user generated content from citizens…How can the data we currently don’t get today…is there medicine in the clinic, are the teachers showing up to school, that data mashed up with the data we have, provides an opportunity to make an impact on poverty.

On October 7-8, 2010, the World Bank hosted an online event featuring live video coverage from the World Bank/IMF Annual Meetings. Thinkers and practitioners were brought together to discuss the opportunities and challenges in three primary areas of focus for the Bank: Open Development Solutions (including the use of open data), Jumpstarting jobs (looking at opportunities for job growth) and Development challenges (what the changing aid landscape means for the global community’s mission to reduce poverty).

One of the interesting discussions from the event focused on the new wave of access to public data, tools and information that is being facilitated by the World Bank and other institutions around the world. Given these new tools and platforms, the question arises as to how we can help empower citizens to use this data to hold governments accountable, and promote collaboration to help solve long-standing development problems.

This question was discussed by a panel of experts including Andrew McLaughlin (Deputy Chief Technology Officer at the White House), David Eaves (Open Data Blogger and Activist from Canada), Aleem Walji (World Bank Institute Practice Manager for Innovation) and Tariq Khokhar (Technologist at AidInfo).

Some thoughts from the panelists are outlined below:

Andrew McLaughlin on providing a data platform:

Referencing Tim Berners-Lee he says governments should be in the business of providing raw data full stop. Visualizations are a narrative about the data, and citizens are less likely to trust narratives coming from governments. This is not to say Governments should not produce any visualisations – they should at least as a means to express to citizens what it is they are paying for, and to help in assisting policy makers in evidence based policy making. However, extensive illustrations of data is best left to others. Ultimately it’s better for third parties to be driving the analysis, because they can be bias in their interpretation of the data and use it to structure their own stories.

Aleem Walji on harnessing the ideas of others:

The World bank does a good job of collecting, curating and normalizing lots of information. It does not necessarily have to create the best applications with this data. This is best left to those with a story to tell, and who want to develop their own narratives. While the bank will create some visualisations these are primarily to allow our users and internal staff make sense of the data, rather than exploit its full potential. He explains “we cannot imagine what people will do with our data”.

Explaining the Mapping for Results platform he outlines the benefits of geolocation as a means of visualizing data from a different perspective. It’s up to citizens and development practitioners to take our data and draw different conclusions with it. This can then be used to feedback suggestions to the bank:

Our job is to take the data, frame some of the questions and then let other people draw different conclusions, sometimes challenging us.

David Eaves on vehicles for making use of open data, beyond the apps model (my emphasis):

One of the things that excites me the most is not necessarily apps, but what is the analysis/visualisation we are going to do with this data. My hope is that it’ll be a much broader community of people that will push the bank’s thinking; people from constituencies the bank doesn’t normally hear from…The apps are exciting, but lets think much bigger than apps. I think analysis is going to be the really big opportunity with data. Everyone now can be a think tank.

The discussion also includes comments from Tim O’Reilly on the principles of Open Data, along with Robert Zoellick’s  announcement of the World Bank’s Apps for Development competition. This competition aims to bring together the best ideas from technology developers and development practitioners to create innovative applications using World Bank data:

I’m asking you to create applications for new analysis and new ways to solve the world’s long standing problems. This competition challenges you to develop the best software application; whether web-based, mobile, through SMS, smartphone, desktop or tablet, using world bank data.

Transparency and Open data

Aleem Walji explains the essence of what the World bank is trying to do with Open data as:

recognizing that we don’t have a monopoly on knowledge, analytical rigor, research capacity, or publishing. There are many more development economists, statisticians, health experts, education experts, etc. outside the Bank than inside the Bank.

It reminds me of the rather humbling professional addage, “no matter who you work for, there are smarter people who work outside your organisation”. We’ve recognized it and rather than being intimidated by it, we’re inviting others to help us think better, do better, and co-create solutions.

It’s worth nothing the significant efforts by the World bank in terms of Open data and transparency. A recent report from PublishWhatYouFund (a global campaign for Aid transparency) examined 30 major donors across three categories: high level commitment to transparency; transparency to recipient government; and transparency to civil society. The World Bank was the highest performing donor achieving more than double the transparency score (85.4%) of the lowest.

The World bank’s transparency of Aid data, along with their proliferation of Open data, provides a ideal ecosystem in which to grow communities of software developers and development practitioners to create innovation apps and analysis tools. However, Open data should not simply be thought of as a means upon which to create applications. Rather as David Eaves explains, it should be seen as a platform for analysis upon which an individual or organisation can conduct research, and advocate their own evidence based policies. This follows from Zoellick’s idea of democratizing development economics and allows for iThinkTanks to flourish. These iThinkTanks can serve Eric Swanson’s (World Bank Program manager, Development Data Group) agenda as explained below:

Our goal now is to make these data available to everyone to students, to teachers, to reporters, to government officials, to increase understanding and to stimulate the search for innovative ways to accelerate progress and to fight poverty.

World Bank President Robert Zoellick made a fascinating speech last month, in which he urged a sweeping new approach to development economics research. He outlined how the World Bank would change its research model to better tap into the experiences of developing countries.

The new initiative is called “Open Data, Open Knowledge, Open Solutions,” and aims to make research data and analysis more easily accessible to development practitioners and policymakers.

Development Research

Referencing British philosopher David Hume, who said “A wise man proportions his belief to the evidence”, Zoellick questioned whether the set of data and analytic tools now available is sufficient to answer the most pressing questions facing developing countries today:

Too often the positive outcomes of research for policymakers seem to be occasional by products of research rather than its objective from the outset.

Too often research economists seem not to start with the key knowledge gaps facing development practitioners, but rather search for questions they can answer with the industry’s currently favorite tools.

He acknowledged the need for evidence-based best practice – and hand-on experience – to guide the research agenda:

We need to know what works: we need a research agenda that focuses on results. To do so, we will need to gather more evidence and data to assess the effectiveness of development efforts, including aid…

I believe we need a more practical approach —- one that is firmly grounded in the key knowledge gaps for development policy. One that is geared to the needs of policymakers and practitioners — as a primary focus, not as an academic afterthought.One that throws open the doors to all those with hands-on experience.

To this end he suggests economists, policymakers and academics should re-examine the economies of developing countries through more accessible data and use of new technologies.

There is a new opportunity, and certainly a pressing need, for a dynamism in development economics. Software has brought new tools; the Internet has brought new communications; rising economies have brought new experiences.

Open Data, but censorship of conclusions?

The Wall Street Journal and others have highlighted the debate ignited as a result of the speech. Nobel Prize-winning economist Michael Spence, said Zoellick’s comments were “generally not only in the right direction, but very useful”.

Harvard economist Dani Rodrik called the speech “forthright and courageous”:

The speech hits all the right notes: the need for economists to demonstrate humility, eschew blueprints, search for differentiated solutions suited to context, learn from the actual policies of successful emerging economies, focus on evaluation but not at the expense of the big questions.

AidInfo (a non-profit concerned with making aid more transparent) also welcomed the speech:

We warmly welcome both the attitude of the World Bank towards democratising data, and the steps they are taking towards it…

Talking to donors over the last year about releasing aid data, it is striking how often they want to know exactly who will use the information and for what purpose…

We are pressing the view that donors should not see themselves as the only, or even the main, providers of information to end users; they should make it possible for other organisations to access information and provide it to people who need it.

Others, however, were more skeptical about the speech. New York University economist William Easterly, formerly of the World Bank, described the comments as “amazingly presumptuous.” He says the current system of economic research, where ideas are picked apart by other economists, works well, but World Bank researchers often make no attempt to publicize their findings, thus hindering the options for debate.

He also notes how research can be subject to censorship, and questions whether this would change with “researchers’ participation in the ‘democraticized’ debate”.

The World Bank’s chief of research, Martin Ravallion, responded saying:

I have never been told what conclusions I should reach, and I doubt very much that anyone told Bill Easterly what conclusions he should reach in his many years working for the Bank’s research department.

Indeed, Ravallion is a prominent supporter of a new kind of research platform to make it easier for anyone to interrogate development data for their own purposes.

World Bank as a Platform

Tim O’ Reilly’s oft discussed Government as a Platform is the central theme of Zoellick’s “Open Data, Open Knowledge, Open Solutions” initiative. In order to make research more relevant to developing countries, the tools to enable it should be “democratized”, allowing researchers to collaborate with professionals in developing countries.

No longer can the model solely be to research a specific issue and write a paper hoping someone will read it. The new model must be “wholesale” and networked. It must increasingly open information and knowledge to others by giving them the tools to do the economic research themselves.

Martin Ravallion recently blogged about this new “wholesaling model” under which the emphasis switches to producing the tools for others to do the research and providing open access to those tools. He explained three objectives for such an initiative:

1. Empowering Researchers – to do better research to inform development policy and development practice. This changes the focus of the traditional “capacity building” model from the task of “teaching the lessons from past research” to facilitating new learning in specific contexts.
2. Collaborative Retailing model – ensuring World Bank staff and academics in rich countries can work more closely with colleagues in developing countries as full peers.
3. More open and transparent policy analysis – The Bank can play an important role in reducing the costs of understanding even the most sophisticated policy analysis, given that technical capabilities have increased among key stakeholders.

This ‘wholesaling model’, however, is predicated upon the Bank making available online much more of the information it collects on countries to help local researchers and aid workers.

The “Open Data, Open Knowledge, Open Solutions,” initiative is intended to move this model further by providing a user-friendly data source, free and open to the public. Zoellick explained how this is a fundamental shift from today’s “elite retail” model of research:

This needs to be a fundamentally new way of searching for development solutions, in a networked development architecture, where none dominates and all can play a part

This new research ecosystem is intended to (my emphasis):

Open the treasure chest of the World Bank’s data and knowledge to every village health care worker, every researcher, everyone.

Today, the Bank remains the largest single source of development knowledge. But knowledge must be opened to all…

We need to democratize and demystify development economics, recognizing that we do not have a monopoly on the answers.

We need to throw open the doors, recognizing that others can find and create their own solutions. And this open research revolution is underway…

We need to recognize that development knowledge is no longer the sole province of the researcher, the scholar, or the ivory tower. It’s about the health-care worker in Chiapas recording her results; it’s about the local official posting the school budget on the classroom door so that parents can complain when their children are shortchanged; it’s about the Minister, the academician, the statistician, and the entrepreneur comparing notes on the impact of incentives.

This release of data is already underway with the World Bank’s Open Data initiative. The initiative provides information on more than 2,000 financial, business, health, economic and human development indicators. It recently tripled the amount of data on the site and introduced new and improved mapping and visualisation features to improve “data-driven decision making”.

Ravallion explains how this new model should lead to greater transparency and collaboration in the analysis of development data:

This new model for how we do research will combine open access to data with open access to the analytic tools used to inform policy discussions using those data. Our vision is that data, the knowledge and the solutions to development problems will ultimately be generated collaboratively by those who have most to gain from the success of those solutions.

Transparency

Governments, civil society organizations, aid watchdogs have all demanded greater transparency from the World Bank. Government’s around the world have also faced demands for increased openness, and have responded accordingly with open data initiatives and directives. The World Bank has faced such demands and answered these with developments such as:

• Open Data Catalog – similar to the US data.gov and UK data.gov.uk
• New Access to Information Policy – based on the US and Indian Freedom of Information Acts
• Open Forum – running parallel to the IMF/World Bank Annual Meetings it will allow a global audience to participate in the event via chat forums, live blogging, Twitter, etc. (similar to the Whitehouse Open For Questions model)

It is also launching an Apps for Development Competition to encourage and identify new, innovative tools and applications using World Bank data. Such app competitions have been run by many government authorities in recent years, and have served to highlight the potential of data for the development of citizen centric web/mobile applications.

The World Bank is following the open data lead set by many governments, and making available online much more of the information it collects on countries. Zoellick understands that researchers and other professionals in the field should be able to examine the data and assumptions behind World Bank reports, and interrogate this information to draw their own conclusions. What the Sunlight Foundation does with Government data, Aidinfo and others should be able to do with World Bank data.

With this speech Zoellick has been described as a Development 2.0 advocate. The overall theme of openness, transparency and collaboration represent a fascinating change in how the World Bank views development data, and its research methodologies on aid effectiveness. Now we just need to ensure the data is of high enough quality, to remove any suggestions the initiative is – like some Government data initiatives – ‘more style than substance’.

Related

• Open Data Helps Developing Countries
• Wholesaling Research for Development
• Full webcast of Zoellick’s speech

One of the most highly publicized Open Government initiatives of the last few years got a thundering wakeup call last week, when Ellen Miller – Executive Director of the Sunlight Foundation – addressed succinctly, and with hard facts, the Open Data ‘Elephant in the room’. That is, the problem of missing or wrong data, contained within Government issued data-sets.

In her Gov 2.0 Summit presentation, Miller presented an Open Government Scorecard, with some frank views on the status of the movement, and the administration’s efforts to-date.

Her central thesis is that “the drive for transparency appears stalled”. This is because of a few reasons, but most relate to the Consistency, Completeness and Timeliness of USASpending.gov, and other Obama Administration Open Government initiatives:

• On the Open Government Directive – Miller believes its objectives are teetering on the edge: ‘The plans that resulted were little more than aspirational. In the first of those plans, 12 out of 30 agencies didn’t identify any data for future publication and altogether only 75 new data sets were promised… That was hugely disappointing. Enforcement of these plans has always been ‘soft.’’
• On Data.gov – ‘It started with enormous promise…But it’s still a pretty mediocre data repository and the types of data available remains an enormous concern.
• On Recovery.gov – ‘It’s hard consider it more than a qualified success.’

Her primary focus, however, was on the federal spending website USASpending.gov – initiated by legislation from Barack Obama and Tom Coburn. Launched nearly three years ago, it was intend to provide the public with information about how the federal government spends tax dollars. Miller explains how it’s a visually impressive website, but believe the effort expanded on three extensive redesigns should have been used elsewhere. While applauding the usability of the site, her criticism centers on the substance:

Unfortunately, its data is almost completely useless…

To backup this claim ,she announced the launch of a new project called ClearSpending – which ‘tracks and illustrates just how broken the data [in USASpending] is’. The intention is that through making the problems with data quality transparent and easily identifiable, it will help improve accuracy within USASpending.gov. The problems, however, are huge:

What Sunlight has found, and Clearspending shows in great detail, is that more than $1.3 trillion in federal reporting data from 2009 is unreliable. The data inaccuracies we uncovered account for 70 percent of the total $1.9 trillion in government spending data reported in that year. Some of the numbers are too big, some are too small and some are missing completely, while other spending data entries don’t have the detail that’s required or were reported months later than the law demands.

In her concluding remarks, she says:

The data powering USASpending is broken. You can’t trust any aggregate numbers you get from the site — answers to questions about federal spending that rise above the micro level. When we say things just don’t add up, we mean it…

We are beginning to worry that the Administration is more interested in style than substance.

‘More interested in style than substance’

This insinuation, however, has caused some in the Open Government movement to hit back, and challenge the tone of the speech. The first to address this was Gunnar Hellekson (Chief Tech Strategist for Red Hat), who pronounced the speech as ‘poisonous’, and neglecting the fact that citizens now have more information available to them than ever before:

The keynote was a remarkable turn: the administration was completely eviscerated by one of its closest allies..The fact that the US government is even attempting this is amazing.

He goes on to explain that imperfection and risk should be tolerated, and that while some of the data is ‘ridiculous’, this is one of benefits of data transparency i.e. public scrutiny:

Sunlight’s $1.3 trillion discovery is an example of the process working, not a failure…You’re just seeing how hard it is for one of the largest, most complicated organizations on the planet to keep its records straight.

His thesis is that Transparency and Open Data does not reform make. Rather, it provides the impetus and evidence based reasoning for changes to occur:

Sunlight has, I think, dangerously conflated transparency for reform. You get transparency first, and that compels reform. That’s the whole point. You don’t ask for perfection right out of the gate, it’s unreasonable….The solution is a long, difficult, complicated, and unpleasant series of reforms that produce better quality data. That requires patience, diligence, perseverance.

In Sunlight’s response, they agree that while perfection is the enemy of the good, many of the totals are not even close. They highlight that ClearSpending reveals 70% of the totals analysed were flawed. As such, Sunlight’s Tom Kitt worries it has to potential to ‘mislead a lot of people’, and affect trust in the entire initiative. In the end, his primary concern relates to timescales and the lack of urgency from OMB and GSA in fixing the data systems powering USASpending.

Tough love in the Open Government movement

Nevertheless, Gunnar recognises that “Sunlight has done the right thing here by doing real and substantial work”, others believe they’ve gone too far in calling out the emperor’s clothes. Derek Willis believes that:

Sunlight hasn’t earned the right to say that the government is “more interested in style than substance”.

This is because “It’s about the process, the culture, an entirely new way of doing things”. So rather than believing in the data, what’s more important is the site, the initiative, and the changes/legislation/directives that have facilitated this analysis. To coin an equestrian analogy (as Nancy Scola does when she says Sunlight are “prodding the Obama administration in the direction that it want it to go, like you do with a horse”); it’s better to bet on the horse, than the race.

In the end, he and others recognise the objective of the initiative, but perhaps feel more recognition is needed as to the success in creating platforms where all this data can be critiqued:

I’m grateful that organizations like Sunlight are pushing for greater access to accurate public data…But just as government processes can seem alien and counterproductive at times, so can those of transparency advocates.

Data accuracy – a shared issue

One of the most interesting aspects of ClearSpending, is not that it calls out agencies on data quality (this has been highlighted many times before), but rather that such an in-depth analysis could be undertaken in the first place.

Sunlight evaluated the data quality based on a methodology that has been used by the Government Accounting Office , and checked data against the Federal Awards and Assistance Data System. This kind of reconciliation helped to create ClearSpending, and is useful when understanding how other datasets could be checked.

The quality of procurement data released by governments is not just a US issue. When the UK government released extracts of the Combined On-line Information System (COINS), containing expenditure by UK Government Departments over £25K for the years 2008-2010, the guidance document explained (my emphasis):

The data on COINS are quality-assured and complete at the level at which they are required for the following purposes: fiscal management; operational publications (e.g. Main and Supplementary Estimates); and statistical publications (e.g. Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses, the joint ONS/Treasury Public Sector Finances statistical bulletin and the National Accounts).

Lower levels of data are not quality assured by the Treasury. Individual departments can to some extent choose the level of granularity that they use within pre-defined aggregates set by the Treasury. Lower level detailed data may therefore appear incomplete and be inconsistent across departments.

While, this did at least explain how some lower level data may-not be accurate, the guidance for local authority spending has no such caveats. This guidance, published on Friday, provides details for local government on how to comply with the Prime Minister’s call to publish each financial transaction over £500 from January 2011.

The guidance makes no remarks as to the quality of the data released. The principle stated is to ‘Publish raw data quickly’, rather than to try to make sure it’s accurate first. Indeed, Tim-Berners-Lee’s “Putting Government Data online” – to which the guidance refers – makes no mention of data quality either. It appears, that the emphasis is on publishing data – in any format (39% published their spending in PDF format only) – rather than checking its consistency or accuracy.

The remit of the recently initiated UK Public Data Transparency Board is to ensure tight deadlines are met for releasing key datasets, and that open data standards are adhered to. Their draft Public Data Principles make no mention of data accuracy or integrity. As such, it looks like this task – to ensure data accuracy – falls to the Gov 2.0 community. As Ellen Miller says:

For starters, we have to take on some of the responsibility for making this happen ourselves – I mean ‘us’ as in the community of Americans [read British] who are concerned about accountability…

Our job is to hold the Administration’s [read Coalition/Local Government’s] feet to the fire – bureaucrats aren’t going to act just because someone asks nicely. Government isn’t going to change how and when it makes data available – even when a few good people on the inside want it to – because of a directive…

And finally, we need to admit that Gov2.0 isn’t happening until citizens are truly actively engaged in helping to demand and co-create it.

For the promise of Gov 2.0 to be realised someone is going to have to undertake the less glamorous tasks of checking data accuracy and verifying it against available datasources. Achieving this should not be a case of carrots or sticks, but should be up to government themselves. They should want to achieve high data quality standards, because it helps them, and furthers the purpose of the Gov 2.0 mission. When this happens, we’ll know that the Gov 2.0 movement has achieved an important milestone. Getting there won’t happen, however, until as Miller says “citizens are truly actively engaged in helping to demand and co-create it”. Now where’s that Open Data Quality bandwagon?

Related:

• Is Open Government Closing? (includes full video of Miller’s speech and interview with O’Reilly’s Alex Howard)

(Photo credit: smcgee on Flickr)